理论分析：
Theoretical Analysis
贺京同，那艺，郝身永，决策效用、体验效用与幸福，经济研究，2014.7
Jingtong He, Yi Na, Shenyong Hao, Decision Utility, Experienced Utility, and Happiness, Economic Research, 2014.7
内容提要：幸福的概念无论从理论范畴还是从实际应用方面均需得到进一步明晰。为此，本文基于效用论的历史演变和最新进展，探讨了幸福的内涵、性质与决定因素。研究发现，效用内涵可被区分为决策效用与体验效用两个方面，其中前者对应于新古典经济学强调的效用的欲求含义，而后者为古典经济学偏重的效用的快乐含义。据此我们进一步提出，幸福应是体验效用的一个子集，它指个体从实际结果与可接受结果的差异中获取的满足感。这一定义意味着幸福更受结果的相对变化的影响，而对结果的绝对水平不敏感，这可作为构造幸福函数的基本原则，从而避免在选取幸福的解释变量时出现泛化倾向。其政策启示是，当政府将提升居民幸福纳入施政目标时，政策设计的依据不应局限于各种效果指标的绝对值，还应重视这些指标的相对变化，否则将会导致居民的“被幸福”。
关键词：决策效用 体验效用 满足感 幸福函数
Abstract: The concept of happiness should be clarified both from the theoretical level and the application level. This paper discusses the definition, characteristics and determinants of happiness based on the history and development of utility theory. We find that the connotation of utility can be classified as decision utility and experienced utility. Decision utility reflects the meaning of desire of the new classical utility, while experienced utility reflects the meaning of pleasure of the classical utility. We argue that happiness can be seen as a subset of experienced utility and can be defined as the satisfaction induced by the contrast between actual outcome and expected outcome. This definition means that happiness may be determined by the relative changes of outcome rather than the absolute level of outcome. This can be seen as the basic feature of happiness function which can help us choosing the explanatory variables more appropriately. The policy implication is that if government wants to improve the total happiness of people, the policy design should focus on relative variables rather than absolute variables, otherwise people may be assumed to be happy.
Key Words: Decision Utility; Experienced Utility; Satisfaction; Happiness Function
实证研究：
Empirical Research
贺京同,郝身永. 怎样才能使落脚城市人群更幸福?——基于CHIPS数据的实证分析. 南开经济研究. 2013(06)
Jingtong He, Shenyong Hao, How to Make People of Arriving at City Happier? ——Empirical Analysis Based on CHIPS Data, Nankai Economic Studies, 2013.6
摘 要：城镇化不在于城镇规模的扩张和常住人口的增加，而是使落脚城市人群更幸福。基于此我们考察影响落脚城市人群迁徙的因素和定居的因素对其幸福感的影响。利用中国家庭收入项目调查数据和Probit 模型，研究发现：(1)相对于就业状况、收入水平、住房提供、土地禀赋、进城机会成本等影响迁徙的因素，在城市生活年数、同工同酬待遇、社会歧视、进城前收入期望、未来收入预期、社会经济地位、换工作的打算和是否举家迁徙等影响定居的因素对落脚城市人群的幸福感有显著的影响。(2)一方面，改变过往注重影响迁徙因素的成见，从上述影响定居的因素着手能更有效地提升落脚城市人群的幸福感；另一方面，政策选择应考虑落脚城市人群的年龄和土地禀赋差异。
关键词：城镇化；落脚城市人群；幸福感
Abstract：The point of urbanization is not the expansion of urban scale or the increase of resident population，but to make people who arrived at city happier．On this consideration，we examine the impact of the factors which affect population migration and settlement on happiness of the people who arrived at city．Using the data from China Household Income Projects(CHIPS)in Probit model，we find that：(1) Compared with those factors affecting population migration(including employment status，income level．housing，land endowment and opportunity cost of arriving at city)，the other factors which affect settlement have more significant impact on the happiness of the people arriving at city，including the number of years of urban life，equal pay for equal work，social discrimination，income expectations before entering the city，expected future income，socioeconmic status，the intention to change jobs and family migration．(2) On the one hand，we should change the previously focus on factors which affect population migration，because we can effectively improve the happiness of people who arrived at city by the above factors affecting settlement．On the other hand，the age of the people arriving at city and land endowment should be taken into consideration in the process of choosing policy．
Keywords：Urbanization；People of Arriving at City；Happiness
郝身永,韩君. 经济增长、收入差距与国民幸福——幸福经济学研究的经验启示. 社会科学. 2013(03)
Shenyong Hao, Jun Han, Economic Growth, Income Gap and National Happiness: Learning from Happiness Economics, Social Science, 2013.3
摘要：改革开放三十多年,我国经济社会呈现的两个典型特征是经济的持续快速增长和收入差距的不断拉大。在我国当前仍处于社会主义初级阶段和收入差距不断拉大、收入分配过程有失公正的背景下,需要并行不悖地大力推动经济增长和缩小收入差距,不可顾此失彼。从实现国民幸福的终极目标出发,结合行为经济学对人内在公平偏好的揭示以及幸福经济学关于幸福与绝对收入、参照收入和收入不平等的关系研究的新进展,弱化收入差距对居民幸福感负向影响的一个重要途径是加强制度建设,促进机会均等,提高社会和收入的流动性。
关键词：经济增长； 收入差距； 收入流动； 幸福经济学；
Abstract: During the last thirty years since reform and opening-up, there are two typical characteristics in our society, which is rapid economic growth and widening income gap. To fulfill the final goal of national happiness, taking into account the revealing of internal fairness preference of human by Behavioral Economics and new advances of the relationships between happiness and absolute income,relative income and income inequality by Happiness Economics, we think, against the background of co-existence of the facts: currently our country is still in low developing phase, income gap is expanding and income allocation process is not completely fair, that we must adhere to laying equal stress on promoting economic growth and narrowing income gap. It makes no sense to have one without another. An important means to weaken the negative effect of income gap on happiness is to strengthen system building, to provide the equal opportunity for all, and to improve social mobility and income mobility.
Keywords: Economic Growth; Income Gap; Income Mobility; Happiness Economics
郝身永,文雯. 配偶收入如何影响自身生活幸福感?——基于中国综合社会调查(2006)的实证分析. 经济与管理研究. 2013(03)
Shenyong Hao, Wen WenHow A Spouse’s Income Influences One’s own Happiness?——An Empirical Analysis Based on China General Social Survey (2006), Research on Economics and Management, 2013,3
本文从理论上梳理了配偶收入影响自身幸福感的两种影响渠道:经济支持渠道和收入比较渠道。通过这两种渠道,配偶收入对自身幸福感分别产生正效应和负效应,综合影响取决于这两种效应的相对大小。进而,基于中国综合社会调查(2006)的微观数据,我们采用有序Probit模型进行了经验分析。研究发现,第一,配偶收入和自己的收入均对自身潜在幸福感有显著的正向影响,但配偶收入的影响程度小于自己的收入。这表明,就对幸福感的影响而言,自己的收入和配偶的收入并不完全是同质的。第二,对年龄较大的群体和高收入群体,配偶收入的正向影响不显著,而对年龄较小的群体和低收入群体,配偶收入的正向影响则是显著的。这表明,人们在不同经济体制下接受的价值观念以及自身收入水平的高低是配偶收入影响自身幸福感的调节变量。
Abstract: In this paper, we consider that there are financial support channel and income comparison channel, through which a spouse’s income has positive and negative effect on one’s own happiness separately. The final effect is due to the relative magnitude of the two effects. Based on the micro data from China General Social Survey (2006), we conduct an empirical analysis using Ordered Probit Model. We find that both a spouse’s income and one’s own income have significantly positive effect on one’s own happiness. As to the magnitude, the latter is stronger than the former. This shows that for the effect of income on happiness, income of one’s own an d one‘s spouse is not homogeneous. For the older and the richer, the positive effect is not significant, but for the younger and the poorer, the positive effect is significant. This shows that one’s values and attitudes and one‘s income level play the role of mediator and moderator. Robustness tests support our conclusions further.
Key words: Spouse’s Income; Financial Supports; Income Comparison; Life Happiness
